>10 

/ 1 









Visit of the 

British Educational 
Mission 

i 

To the United States 

October - December 

1918 






Visit of the 

British Educational Mission 

To the United States 

October- December, 1918 



/^~\N the invitation of the Council of National 
^-^ Defense, the British Government has sent 
to the United States a distinguished Mission to in- 
quire into the best means of procuring closer co- 
operation between British and American educa- 
tional institutions, to the end, greatly desired on 
both sides, of making increasingly firm the bonds 
of sympathy and understanding that now unite the 
English-speaking world. 



BRITISH BUREAU OF INFORMATION 

511 Fifth Avenue 

New York City 



PsbHshex 

FEB S JM» 



MEMBERS OF THE MISSION 



DR. ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY 

Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge., Master of Christ's 
College and Reader in Zoology 

SIR HENRY MIERS 
Vice-Chancellor of the University of Manchester and Professor of 

Crystallography 

THE REV. EDWARD MEWBURN WALKER 

Fellow, Senior Tutor, and Librarian of Queen's College, Member of 
the Hebdomadal Council, Oxford University 

SIR HENRY JONES 

Professor of Moral Philosophy, University of Glasgow 

DR. JOHN JOLY 

Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, Trinity College, Dublin 

MISS CAROLINE SPURGEON 

Professor of English Literature, Bedford College, University of 

London 

MISS ROSE SIDGWICK 

Lecturer on Ancient History, University of Birmingham 



RECEPTION COMMITTEE 

OF THE 

AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION 



AT the request of the Council of National Defense, the Amer- 
ican Council on Education has undertaken to make all the ar- 
rangements for the reception of these very welcome guests, and has 
invited the following representative citizens to serve as an Honorary 
Reception Committee : 

Hon. ELIHU ROOT, Chairman 
The Secretary of War 

The Secretary of the Interior 

The Commissioner of Education 
The Chairman of the Committee on Engineering and Edu- 
cation of the Council of National Defense 
Hon. James M. Beck 

Charles A. Coffin, Esq. 
Judge Elbert H. Gary 
Hon. James W. Gerard 

His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons 
Fairfax Harrison, Esq. 

William Dean Howells, Esq. 

Hon. Charles E. Hughes 

Otto H. Kahn, Esq. 

Rt. Rev. William Lawrence 
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge 
Rev. Shailer Matthews 
J. Pierpont Morgan, Esq. 
Hon. Henry Morgenthau 
Judge Alton B. Parker 

Major George Haven Putnam 
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Esq. 
Col. Theodore Roosevelt 
Charles M. Schwab, Esq. 
Major James Brown Scott 
Senator Hoke Smith 
Hon. William H. Taft 
Frank A. Vanderlip, Esq. 
Chaplain Henry Van Dyke 

Lieut. Col. William H. Welch 
4 



RECEPTION COMMITTEE— Continued 

President Edwin A. Alderman 
President Guy Potter Benton 
President William L. Bryan 

President Marion LeRoy Burton 

President Nicholas Murray Butler 
Dr. Wallace Buttrick 
Dr. Charles W. Eliot 

Dean Virginia C. Gildersleeve 
President Frank J. Goodnow 
President Arthur T. Hadley 
President John Grier Hibben 
President Albert Ross Hill 
President Harry B. Hutchins 
President Edmund J. James 
President A. Lawrence Lowell 
President Richard C. Maclaurin 
President Alexander Meiklejohn 
President Ellen F. Pendleton 
Dr. Henry S. Pritchett 

President Jacob Gould Schurman 

Rt. Rev. Thomas J. Shahan 

Provost Edgar F. Smith 

President M. Carey Thomas 

President Charles R. Van Hise 
Dr. George E. Vincent 

President Benjamin Ide Wheeler 
Dr. Robert S. Woodward 

President Mary E. Woolley 

The following have been designated as the Committee in Charge : 

President Donald J. Cowling, Chairman 
Professor William H. Schofield, Secretary 

Dean Herman V. Ames 

Dean James B. Angell 

Professor Frank Aydelotte 
Dr. Samuel P. Capen 

President Frederick C. Ferry 

Professor J. F. Foakes Jackson 

President Frank L. McVey 



ITINERARY 

The proposed itinerary of the Mission follows: 

October 8-14 — New York 

15-17 — Washington (Mt. Vernon) 

18— Baltimore 
19-21— Philadelphia (Bryn Mawr, Haverford) 
22-23— Princeton 

24— New York (Vassar) 
25-26— New Haven 

27— Amherst, Smith, Mt. Holyoke 
28-30— Boston and Cambridge (Wellesley) 
31- 
November 2 — Montreal (Ottawa) 

3- 5 — Toronto (Niagara Falls) 
" 6 — Ann Arbor 

7-12 — Chicago (Urbana, Evanston) 
13_14_Madison 
15-17— Minneapolis and St. Paul 

18 — Des Moines (Ames) 
19-20— St. Louis 
21 — Cincinnati 
22 — Lexington, Ky. 
23— (Louisville) 
24— Nashville 
25-28 — New Orleans (Houston, Austin) 
29-30 — Tuskegee 
31— Chapel Hill 
December 1 — Charlottesville 

" 2 — Washington 

4- 7 — Boston and Cambridge 



CONFERENCES 

All the Mission are invited to participate in a meeting of the 
National Association of State Universities in Chicago on November 
eleventh and twelfth, and, finally, in meetings of the Association of 
American Universities and the Society for the Promotion of 
Engineering Education at Harvard University and the Massachusetts 
Institute of Technology from December fourth to eighth. 

MAIL 

Communications for or regarding the Mission may be addressed: 
"Care Professor W. H. Schofield, 576 Fifth Avenue, New York." 



BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF MEMBERS 
OF THE MISSION 



DR. ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY 

ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, Sc.D., Vice-Chancellor of 
the University of Cambridge, is well known in the United 
States, in which he has on several occasions been an honoured guest. 
He is an honourary D.Sc. of Princeton University, Foreign Member 
of the American Association of Economic Entomologists and of the 
Helminthological Society of Washington. Dr. Shipley is a member 
of the Central Medical War Committee of Great Britain. He 
holds many offices of great responsibility, being, for example, a 
Trustee of the great collection of specimens illustrative of many 
branches of science which was made by John Hunter, purchased 
by the Government after his death in 1793, and presented to the 
Royal College of Surgeons ; a Trustee of the Tancred Foundation 
established by Christopher Tancred (1689-1754) of Whixley Hall 
in the County of York, to provide Studentships in Divinity and 
in Physic; a Trustee of the Beit Memorial Fund for Fellowships 
for Medical Research; Chairman of the Council of the Marine 
Biological Association ; Vice-President of the Linnaean Society ; mem- 
ber of the Royal Commission on the Civil Service. In 1887 he was 
sent to the Bermudas by the Colonial Office to investigate a plant 
disease. He was also commissioned by the British Government to 
investigate grouse disease, and the volume on Grouse in Health and 
Disease which he published records many observations regarding the 
pathology of birds. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society. 

Dr. Shipley's writings on many branches of zoology and other 
subjects, historical, architectural and biographical, are too numerous 
for mention. They include several standard text-books of zoology. 
The study of parasitical animals is his especial hobby. Since the 
commencement of the War he has written two books of extraordinary 
interest and humour, on a subject which, if less skilfully handled, 
would be generally regarded as repulsive — lice, bugs, fleas and flies 



— little animals which in all former wars have contributed to the 
failure of armies in almost as large a measure as swords or guns. 
But for recent knowledge of their habits the havoc which they 
have worked in this war, already sufficiently serious, might have 
been the determining factor. "The Minor Horrors of War" and 
"More Minor Horrors" are books which may be read with pleasure 
by the least scientifically inclined of men and women. 

As Master of Christ's College, Dr. Shipley inhabits a "Lodge" 
which the Foundress the Lady Margaret, mother of Henry VII., 
once occupied. The Lodge, like all similar houses, had been altered 
to suit the taste of each succeeding age. The new Master immediately 
after his election devoted much money and antiquarian knowledge 
to its restoration to something like its original condition. Soon 
after the commencement of the War he turned the house into a 
convalescent home for wounded officers, several hundreds of whom 
have since lived with him. In other forms of war work he has 
also been very active, especially in the collection of clothes for Belgian 
refugees, and the maintenance and education of Serbian boys, for 
which the members of the University, with great generosity, made 
themselves responsible. 



SIR HENRY MIERS 

SIR HENRY MIERS was born in South America, where his 
father was an engineer (as his grandfather had been before 
him), but was brought to England at the age of two. One of 
his great-grandfathers was Francis Place, the self-educated poli- 
tician who was a leader in the reforms of 1824-1841. 

He was educated at a private school near Oxford, where among 
his schoolfellows were the late Lord Parker of Waddington, and 
George Macmillan, whose firm is well known in the United States. 
Thence he went with a scholarship to Eton, and was there for 
five years. The course at Eton was almost purely classical, but 
Miers did a considerable amount of science and mathematics out 
of hours, winning school prizes in these subjects among others. He 
also won the Gold Medal in Geography offered at that time by the 
Geographical Society for competition among public schools; among 
the honourably mentioned on that occasion was his schoolfellow Cecil 
Spring-Rice, afterwards Ambassador to the United States. Lord 
Curzon was also one of his exact contemporaries at Eton. 



In 1877 he went with a Classical Scholarship to Trinity College, 
Oxford, and read double (classics and mathematics) for the first 
degree examination, and double (mathematics and physics) for the 
final examination. But he left Oxford before the final examination 
in the Science School in order to prepare for a position which was 
about to be established in the Mineral Department of the British 
Museum. His interest in mineralogy had been stimulated at Ox- 
ford by Professor Story-Maskelyne, whose lectures he attended. 
The Professor was then a Member of Parliament, and came up 
from London to lecture to Miers, who was for a time his only 
pupil. He also worked at the subject in the long vacation at 
Cambridge and in other vacations at the British Museum. 

At the British Museum he was a first-class assistant for twelve 
years, and during that period published about 50 scientific papers. 
His teaching experience also began in London, for he was invited 
by Professor Armstrong to start the teaching of crystallography at 
the neighbouring Central Technical College (which has now been 
absorbed in the Imperial College of Science and Technology). 
This continued for about nine years, when he was succeeded by one 
of his first pupils, W. J. Pope, who is now Professor of Chemistry 
at Cambridge. 

One of his adventures during the period of his assistantship at 
the British Museum was an attempt (in 1888) to make a balloon 
voyage to Vienna in company with Simmons, a well-known aeronaut, 
and a gentleman named Field. On approaching the coast of Essex 
it was thought prudent to descend, as the wind was in a too- 
northerly direction. The balloon, which was a very large one, was 
safely anchored to a tree, and the occupants of the car fell about 60 
feet. Simmons was killed and Field had both legs broken. Miers, 
although severely bruised, sustained no permanent injury. 

In 1895 a letter which he wrote to Sir William Ramsey, im- 
mediately after the meeting of the Royal Society at which Ramsey 
and Rayleigh announced the discovery of argon, advising him to 
examine the mineral cleveite for compounds of argon, led to the 
unexpected discovery of helium. 

In the same year Miers gave some lectures for Story-Maskelyne 
at Oxford, and in 1896 succeeded him, on his retirement as Wayn- 
flete Professor of Mineralogy, becoming thereby a Fellow of Mag- 
dalen College, where he lived for the next twelve years. 

At Oxford he created a Department of Mineralogy, developed 
a small school of research, and published a number of papers of 



which the more important (mostly in conjunction with Miss F. 
Isaac) related to spontaneous crystallization. Among his other 
pupils were Dr. Herbert Smith, of the British Museum, Dr. H. L. 
Bowman, who succeeded him as Professor, Mr. T. V. Barker, now 
University Lecturer in Crystallography, the Earl of Berkeley and 
his scientific colleague, Mr. E. G. Hartley. In 1902 he published 
a text-book on mineralogy which has been much used in the United 
States. 

He took a considerable share in the administration of the Uni- 
versity, and was a member of the Hebdomadal Council and a Dele- 
gate of the University Press. In 1902 he succeeded the late Sir 
E. B. Tylor, the anthropologist, as Secretary of the University 
Museum, becoming thus responsible for its administration. 

In 1908 he became Principal of the University of London, in 
succession to the late Sir Arthur Riicker. During the greater part 
of his period of office the Royal Commission on University Educa- 
tion in London was taking evidence, and its report, recommending 
a large scheme of reconstitution, was only published in 1913. 

Among the many activities of the University he associated him- 
self especially with the Tutorial Classes for Working People, with 
whom his ready speech and never-failing humour made him exceed- 
ingly popular. His lectures at the Working Men's College, which 
was founded some 70 years ago by Maurice, Tom Hughes (the 
author of "Tom Brown's Schooldays"), Furnivall and Westlake, 
were events to be remembered. He also tried to gather up the 
scattered units of the very complicated University of London, such, 
for example, as the College of Household and Social Science for 
Women, the Officers Training Corps, and the University Club. 

He assisted Mr. Albert Kahn to establish his British Travelling 
Fellowships, and instituted a Board of Trustees, of which he be- 
came a member and Secretary, consisting of the Lord Chancellor, 
the Speaker, the Lord Chief Justice, with Lords Curzon and Milner 
as coopted members. Most of the American Kahn Travelling Fel- 
lows visited him in London at the commencement of their journey. 

He was mainly instrumental in bringing about the Congress of 
the Universities of the British Empire, which met in 1912, and was 
to have met again in five years. This was prevented by the War, 
but the Universities Bureau has come into existence as the result 
of the Congress and will organize the next Congress when the op- 
portunity arises. 

In 1915 it was clear that the War would prevent any immediate 

10 



reorganization of the University of London, and Miers therefore 
accepted the invitation of the University of Manchester to become 
its Vice-Chancellor. In Manchester he is already associated with 
many educational and civic activities outside the University; he 
is Chairman of the Joint Matriculation Board, which determines 
the admission of students to the five Northern Universities and 
examines and inspects secondary schools in their areas of influence ; 
also of the Manchester Royal College of Music, of the Manchester 
Royal Institution, and of the newly formed Northern Branch of 
the National Library for the Blind. 

He has been for many years a Fellow and Governor of Eton 
College, and Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford; was elected 
a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1896; has been President of the 
Mineralogical Society, and of the Geological and Educational Sec- 
tions of the British Association; is an Honourary Doctor of the 
Universities of Sheffield and Christiania; was knighted in 1912; was 
a member of the Treasury Committee which reported on the re- 
form of the Civil Service Class I examinations; and is a member 
of the Committee appointed by the Prime Minister to report on 
Adult Education. 

During and since college days he has devoted most of his vaca- 
tion to foreign travel. In 1892, while assistant at the British Mu- 
seum, he visited and reported on the public and private mineral 
collections of Norway, Sweden and Russia and part of Germany. 

In 1901 he joined Professor Coleman of Toronto in Canada for 
a journey of exploration in the Northern Rockies, but at the invita- 
tion of the Canadian Minister of the Interior changed his plans and 
visited and reported on the gold mines of Klondike, in company with 
Professor Coleman. He had previously visited Canada and the 
Pacific Coast with the British Association (spending some weeks 
also in the United States) in 1897; and was there again with the 
International Geological Congress in 1913. 

He visited a great part of South Africa on the invitation of the 
Rhodes Trustees and the Johannesburg Council of Education in 
1903, and was personally concerned in the first appointments made in 
the Transvaal Technical Institute which afterwards became the 
Transvaal University College. A second visit to South Africa 
with the British Association took place in 1905. 

Many of his European journeys have been made to places which 
possess public or private collections of antique sculpture, in which he 
is interested. 

11 



THE REV. EDWARD MEWBURN WALKER 

THE REV. EDWARD MEWBURN WALKER has played 
a large part in the life of the University of Oxford during the 
past thirty years. Senior Tutor of Queen's College and a member of 
the Hebdomadal Council which is charged with the administrative 
work of the University, he illustrates in his own person the character- 
istic feature of the two ancient British universities — the federation of 
a number of autonomous colleges into a larger corporation. Each of 
the colleges makes its own regulations as to residence and discipline, 
within limits prescribed by the University. It is largely responsible 
for teaching and conducts its own examinations; whereas the Uni- 
versity alone prescribes and conducts the examinations for degrees. 

Mr. Walker's scholastic interests lie in the field of Ancient His- 
tory, and particularly Greek History, on its constitutional side. 
On this subject he has contributed many articles to the Encyclo- 
pedia Britannica and other publications and has written a book on 
the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia, its authorship and authority. He has 
acted as Examiner in the Final Honours School of Literae Human- 
iores on nine occasions. He represented the University at the In- 
ternational Historical Congress held in Berlin in 1908. 

Mr. Walker is a clergyman of the Church of England and has 
been Select Preacher on several occasions to the University of 
Oxford. 

Since the commencement of the War British universities have 
devoted much thought to the organization of advanced study and 
research and, consequently, to the encouragement of the migration 
from other countries of students who wish to follow post-graduate 
courses and to qualify for the doctor's degree. In this movement 
Mr. Walker has taken a very active part. He is a member of the 
Committee of Advanced Studies, which includes scholars of eminence, 
such as Sir Paul Vinogradoff, Professors Firth, A. C. Clarke and 
Sir Gilbert Murray. He was a member of the Committee of the 
Hebdomadal Council which drew up the statutes for the new degree 
of Ph.D., and was commissioned by Council to introduce the various 
measures therewith connected to Congregation, the legislative body 
of the University. He represented Oxford at the Conference of 
Universities, which, in May of this year, met in London to con- 
sider the whole question of post-graduate study and its recognition 
by the conferring of degrees. 

12 



SIR HENRY JONES 

SIR HENRY JONES, the Professor of Moral Philosophy in 
Glasgow University, is, as his name implies, a Welshman. He 
is, in fact, one of Mr. Lloyd George's oldest personal friends, and 
as the Prime Minister is the greatest living representative of Welsh 
political life, so Sir Henry Jones is regarded in Wales as the greatest 
representative of literary and academic Wales. Many of his most 
brilliant addresses have been given and published in Welsh, and 
his annual visits to his native country have almost invariably been 
the occasion of great meetings of Welsh men and women at which 
Sir Henry spoke on some of the pressing problems of citizenship. 

Sir Henry's life story is as romantic as that of any man in these 
islands. Like Mr. Lloyd George, he has won his high position from 
very humble beginnings. His father was a cobbler in a small 
North Wales village, and the son was early apprenticed to his 
father's trade. It is still his boast that he "can make a shoe with 
any man in Glasgow." But the Welsh passion for learning burned 
in the boy's heart. Before and after his day's work he was at his 
books, training himself arduously to enter upon the teaching profes- 
sion. After several years of study he went to the Normal College 
in Bangor, North Wales, whence he passed out as a schoolmaster. 
After two years of teaching in a South Wales village — still mem- 
orable in the records of the township — he won a scholarship to 
Glasgow University, where he speedily became the foremost student 
in the great philosophical school of which Edward Caird was then 
the head. Scholarships and fellowships fell to the young Welsh- 
man, and after a short period of study in Germany he returned 
to his native country, first as a lecturer in the College at Aberyst- 
wyth, and then as Professor of Philosophy in the University College 
of North Wales. From North Wales he went to Scotland as Pro- 
fessor of Logic in the University of St. Andrews; and finally, in 
1894, on the election of Edward Caird to the Mastership of Balliol 
College, Oxford, Henry Jones entered upon the tenure of the 
chair of his teacher in Glasgow which he still holds. 

With so fine a record of struggle and success it was certain 
that the young professor would become a great force in the intellec- 
tual life of Scotland. Year after year his class-room was crowded 
at 8 o'clock in the morning — with 200 young men and women, the 
teachers and preachers of the country, all wraptly under the spell 
of his personality and his philosophical teaching. Humour and Celtic 

13 



eloquence and poetry half concealed and half revealed a profoundly 
serious purpose. His own intensity of conviction and utterance, and 
the devotion to the most arduous work which he exacted from his 
students, combined to give him a unique position even among the 
great succession of Scottish philosophical teachers. His pupils are 
to be found not only in the schoolhouses and manses of Scotland, but 
in the universities of Great Britain and of the Empire, and of the 
United States of America. Two, at least, of the Princeton profes- 
soriate were pupils of Sir Henry Jones. 

Sir Henry has himself lectured in several of the American uni- 
versities. Shortly before the War he took part in the celebration 
of the opening of the Rice Institute in Houston, Texas, and 
spoke on that occasion at many university functions in the Eastern 
States. He has lectured in Australia, and travelled in many parts 
of the British Dominions. His writings are well known in all parts 
of the English-speaking world. His work on Browning won early 
fame, and it was followed by his "Lotze," his "Idealism" and his 
many studies of the application of his philosophy to problems of 
citizen life and duty. Sir Henry's main interest all his life has been 
in raising the level of intelligent citizenship, and in pleading for a 
study of the mind of man as resolute and as sincere and as scientific 
as the study of the material world. 

As might be expected from one who has thought so long and 
deeply on social things, Sir Henry has thrown himself whole-heartedly 
into the struggle with German militarism. By pen and voice he 
took part in the great campaign to raise the voluntary armies of 
Great Britain, and his addresses in Wales — appeals not to passion or 
interest, but to the high ideals of citizen life — stirred that country 
to a great response. And, unhappily, the War has cost him much 
sorrow and anxiety in his family life. All his three sons went to 
the fighting line. The eldest — a brilliant Civil Servant in India — 
joined the native corps of artillery as a private, but was raised to 
a commission while on service in Mesopotamia. He was with Gen- 
eral Townshend in the ill-fated rush to Baghdad, and shared the 
General's fate by being captured at Kut. For over two years, now, 
he has been suffering great hardships in Turkey. The second son, 
a Captain in the Indian Medical Service, won the D. S. O. for 
great gallantry in Mesopotamia, and soon afterwards was invalided 
back to India, though he has now returned to the front. The 
youngest son, who had won the Military Cross with bar during his 
service in France, fought furiously at the head of his machine-gun 

14 



company to resist the German onslaught on the British lines at the 
Lys in April of this year. He was last seen lying wounded in 
Estaires when the British had to evacuate the village before the 
overwhelming German masses, and no more news has been heard of 
him since that date. 

Many honours have fallen to Sir Henry. He is an LL.D. of 
St. Andrews, a D. Litt. of the University of Wales, a Fellow of 
the British Academy. He served nine years as Hibbert Lecturer 
in Metaphysics in Manchester College, Oxford. He gave the 
Tennyson Centenary lecture of the British Academy, and has held 
many of the foundational lectureships of British universities and 
learned societies. He received the honour of knighthood in 1912. 



DR. JOHN JOLY 

JOHN JOLY, M.A., B.A., Engineering, D.Sc, has been Pro- 
fessor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Dublin 
for the past 20 years. He was born in Ireland in 1857 and edu- 
cated at Trinity College, in which he held various subordinate posts 
before his appointment to the chair which he now occupies. 

For more than 30 years he has carried on research in physics, 
and especially in the application of physics to engineering, but his 
exceedingly ingenious mind has led him down many by-paths in 
search of the solution of problems of general interest. 

One of his earliest inventions was the steam calorimeter, by means 
of which he succeeded in determining directly the specific heats of 
gases at constant volume. This was a problem in experimental 
science which had long baffled physicists. Having invented the calor- 
imeter, Joly turned it to excellent account in the examination of 
a variety of gases over a wide range of pressure and temperature. 
Distinguished as a physicist, he is more widely known as a 
pioneer in the modern method of photography in colours. He was 
the first in 1897 to take successful photographs in natural colours 
by the use of a minutely-subdivided screen carrying the three primary 
colours. On a plate exposed behind this screen he obtained, in effect, 
three negatives on the same plate. A transparency made from this 
plate, when placed in an optical lantern behind a screen similarly 
ruled in red, green and blue lines, displayed the objects photographed 
in their natural colours. This experiment led, ten years later, to 
the development of the well-known and very efficient Lumiere process 

15 



on which coloured starch grains are substituted for Joly's coloured 
lines. 

The ascent of sap in trees is another subject which has occupied 
his attention, in conjunction with Henry H. Dixon, the Professor 
of Botany of Trinity College. He offered a simple explanation of 
this phenomenon. The theory then put forward attributes the as- 
cent of the sap to transpiration from the leaves of the tree and the 
tensile strength or cohesion of the fluid in its capillary tubes. 

Another matter of very great general interest was dealt with by 
Joly when he determined the age of the ocean by estimating the 
amount of common salt carried to it by the rivers and calculating 
the length of time that must have elapsed in order that the salt in 
sea water should have acquired its present concentration. 

Sections of various kinds of rock show remarkable little rainbow- 
coloured circles. Joly was the first to prove that these rainbow-like 
circles or pleo-chroic haloes occur about particles of salts of the 
rare metals uranium and thorium; metals which are always under- 
going decomposition into elements of lower atomic weight. The 
haloes are due to the bombardment of the substance of the rock by 
the radio-active particles discharged from the heavy elements. The 
rate of transformation of uranium and thorium into these radio- 
active substances being known, it has been possible to calculate the 
length of time necessary for the formation of the haloes and there- 
fore the age of the rocks. 

Joly has been a pioneer in the applications of radio-activity to 
geological phenomena, e. g. the origin of mountain ranges. 

The late Professor Lowell's book on Mars led Joly to offer a 
relatively simple explanation of the canals of Schiaparelli. He at- 
tributed them to the gravitational effects of small satellites falling 
into the planet. 

Even biological problems have engaged the versatile Professor's 
attention. In a book entitled "The Abundance of Life" he sub- 
mits a dynamic basis for evolution. 

His interest in radio-activity led him at an early date to sug- 
gest the insertion of radium into cancers, and recently — in con- 
junction with Captain William Stevenson, R. A. M. C. — he sug- 
gested the use of emanation needles, which he invented, for thera- 
peutic purposes. 

Joly has for many years been a keen yachtsman, and recently 
has devoted much time to problems connected with submarine war- 
fare. He has suggested many applications of modern science 'to 

16 



navigation, and especially those dependent upon the principles of 
synchronous signalling. 

In his own university Professor Joly is known as a reformer, 
being largely responsible for various recent changes. He became 
secretary to the Academic Council on the death of Professor Edward 
Dowden, the Shakespearean scholar. 

During the rebellion in 1915 he took an active part in the defense 
of the College. An account from his pen of this episode appeared 
in "Blackwood's Magazine." He is a Commissioner of Irish Lights. 
He is Warden of the Alexandra College for Women. For many 
years he has been Secretary of the Royal Dublin Society. He is a 
Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1910 he received from the Society 
a Royal Medal. In 1911 he received a Royal Medal from the 
Royal Dublin Society. 

Among his many publications are to be noted — Radio-activity and 
Geology, Synchronous Signalling in Navigation, The Birth-time of 
the World, and a vast number of contributions to various scientific 
journals, notably to the "Philosophical Magazine," of which he has 
been one of the editors for many years. 

[N. B. — Owing to the late date of the announcement of the 
ladies designated as members of the Mission, it has not been possible 
to procure from England adequate accounts of their careers.] 



MISS CAROLINE SPURGEON 

MISS CAROLINE SPURGEON, a daughter of the late Cap- 
tain Christopher Spurgeon of Twyford, Norfolk, was edu- 
cated at Cheltenham College, Dresden, Paris, and at King's College 
and University College, London (where she was Quain Essayist 
and Morley Medallist). In 1899 she won First Class Final English 
Honours at Oxford. From 1901 to 1913 she was Assistant Lec- 
turer or Lecturer in English at Bedford College for Women. She 
is now Professor of English Literature at the University of London, 
Head of the Department of English Literature at Bedford College, 
Fellow of King's College for Women, London, and Fellow of the 
Royal Society of Literature. 

Miss Spurgeon is best known in the United States as the author 
of a notable book "Five Hundred Years of Chaucer Criticism and 
Allusion," the first part of which was published by the Chaucer 

17 



Society in 1914. This book is based on a thesis on the same sub- 
ject, published in French in 1911, for which Miss Spurgeon obtained 
the degree of Docteur de l'Universite de Paris. Miss Spurgeon has 
also edited Richard Brathwait's Comments and The Castle of 
Otranto, besides making contributions to the Cambridge History of 
English Literature, the Quarterly Review, the Revue Germanique, 
etc. No English woman is more highly esteemed as a student of 
English literature. 



Miss Rose Sidgwick 

]\ /TISS ROSE SIDGWICK, a graduate of Somerville College 
■^▼-*- Oxford, is now Lecturer in Ancient History at the University 
of Birmingham. The Journal of Education in announcing her 
earlier appointment as Assistant Lecturer, in 1905-1906, remarked: 
"The appointment of Miss Sidgwick has perhaps a special interest, 
as it has not yet often happened that women have been appointed 
to academic posts after an open competition with men." Miss Sidg- 
wick will undoubtedly be greatly interested in the large part women 
are playing in higher education in America. 



18 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



022 164 910 2 






